Prevalence and Determinants of Diabetes in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

Main Article Content

Anas Ali
Afrah Alhur
Bothinah AbuAlhasan
Shahad Alshahrani
Haneen Almalki
Nouf Alzahrani
Waad Alwagdani
Renad Althobaiti
Renad Alwadei
Shaimaa Alblwi
Shmookh Alosaimi
Raneem Altwirqi
Maha AlThawwab
Haya Alotaibi
Lama Meerkhan

Keywords

Diabetes, Epidemiology, Public Health

Abstract

Background: Diabetes is a major public health challenge in Saudi Arabia, with rising prevalence and significant associated complications. The increasing burden of diabetes in the region necessitates a comprehensive understanding of its prevalence, determinants, and the effectiveness of public health strategies. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and determinants of diabetes using online assessment tools.


Methodology: A cross-sectional design was employed, utilizing online surveys to collect data from adults across various regions of Saudi Arabia. The survey included questions on demographics, diabetes status, lifestyle habits, and self-reported health outcomes. Data analysis involved logistic regression to identify risk factors and chi-square tests to explore associations between diabetes knowledge and management practices.


Results: The study found a diabetes prevalence of 27.19% among participants, with a higher prevalence in females (26%) compared to males (20%). Young adults (ages 18-35) showed a prevalence rate of 19%. Significant associations were observed between diabetes and lifestyle factors; smokers had a 30% higher likelihood of diabetes than non-smokers. Only 40% of respondents demonstrated adequate knowledge regarding diabetes management, which correlated negatively with effective disease control (p<0.05).


Conclusion: This study highlights the high prevalence of diabetes in Saudi Arabia, particularly among females and young adults. The regression analysis revealed significant predictors of diabetes diagnosis, including awareness of risk factors, physical activity levels, gender, and education level. The findings highlight the need for targeted educational and public health strategies to enhance diabetes awareness and promote healthier lifestyles. Further research is needed to evaluate the impact of these strategies on diabetes outcomes.

Abstract 55 | PDF Downloads 59 EPUB Downloads 12

References

1. Alhur AA. Public Health Informatics: The Importance of COVID-19 Dashboard in KSA: Health Information Sharing and Visualization. J Health Sci Med Dev. 2023;2(2):64-79.

2. Alhur A. An Exploration of Nurses’ Perceptions of the Usefulness and Easiness of Using EMRs. J Public Health Sci. 2023;2(1):20-31.

3. Alhur A et al. Incorporating Technology in Pharmacy Education: Students’ Preferences and Learning Outcomes. Cureus. 2023;15(12).

4. Al-Nozha MM, Al-Maatouq MA, Al-Mazrou YY, Al-Harthi SS. Diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2004;25(11):1603-10.

5. Elhadd TA, Al-Amoudi AA, Alzahrani AS. Epidemiology, Clinical and Complications Profile of Diabetes in Saudi Arabia: A Review. Ann Saudi Med. 2007;27(4):241-250. doi: 10.5144/0256-4947.2007.241.

6. Midhet FM, Al-Mohaimeed AA, Sharaf FK. Lifestyle related risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2010;31(7):768-774.

7. Alqurash KA, Aljabri KS, Bokhari SA. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a Saudi community. Saudi Medical Journal 2011:32(4), 379-383.

8. Al-Rubeaan K., Al-Manaa HA, Khoja TAM, Ahmad NA, Al-Sharqawi AH, Siddiqui K, Youssef AM. Epidemiology of abnormal glucose metabolism in a country facing its epidemic: SAUDI-DM study. Journal of Diabetes 2015;7(5), 622-632.

9. Al-Daghri NM, Al-Attas OS, Alokail MS, Alkharfy KM, Yousef M, Sabico S, Chrousos GP. Diabetes mellitus type 2 and other chronic non-communicable diseases in the central region, Saudi Arabia (riyadh cohort 2): a decade of an epidemic. BMC Med. 2011 Sep 1;9:76. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-9-76.

10. Al-Hussein FA. Diabetes control in a primary care setting: a retrospective study of 651 patients. Ann Saudi Med. 2008 Mar-Apr;28(2):267-71. doi: 10.5144/0256-4947.2008.267.

11. Chatterjee S, Peters SA, Woodward M, Mejía Arango S, Batty GD, Kowal P, … Huxley RR. Type 2 diabetes in South Asians: similarities and differences with white Caucasian and other populations. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013 Apr;1281:51-63. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06838.x

12. Liu L., Li Y, Sha, K, et al. Increasing Prevalence of Diabetes in Young Adults in China: A 5-Year Cross-Sectional Study. Diabetes Care 2020;43(2), 234-240.

13. Cho NH, Shaw JE, Karuranga S, Huang Y, da Rocha Fernandes JD, Ohlrogge AW, Malanda B. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018 Apr;138:271-281. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.02.023.

14. Al-Herbish AS, El-Mouzan MI, Al-Salloum AA, Al-Qurachi MM, Al-Omar AA. Prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabian children and adolescents. Saudi Medical Journal 2008;29(9), 1285-1288.

15. Mokdad AH, Tuffaha M, Hanlon M, El Bcheraoui C, Daoud F, Al Saeedi M, Memish ZA, AlMazroa MA, Murray CJ, Al Rabeeah AA. Cost of diabetes in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2014. J Diabetes Metab. 2015;6(8):563. doi: 10.4172/2155-6156.1000563.

16. Pan A, Wang Y, Talaei M, Hu FB. Relation of Smoking with Total Mortality and Cardiovascular Events among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Circulation 2015;132(19), 1795-1804.

17. Willi C, Bodenmann P, Ghali WA, Faris PD, Cornuz J. Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2007 Dec 12;298(22):2654-64. doi: 10.1001/jama.298.22.2654.

18. International Diabetes Federation. (2019). IDF Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition. Available from: IDF Diabetes Atlas

19. Esteghamati A, Larijani B, Aghajani, M, et al. Diabetes in Iran: Epidemiology, Management, and Health Policy. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2017;138, 48-56.

20. Shawky S, Soliman H, Bakr I, et al. Prevalence of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Middle-Aged Egyptian Population. The Egyptian Journal of Community Medicine 2014;32(4), 29-39.

21. Zabetian A, Keli HM, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Narayan KM, Ali MK. Diabetes in the Middle East and North Africa. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013 Feb;101(2):106-22. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2013.05.013.

Similar Articles

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.