A Review Article on Previous Outbreaks of Yellow Fever and Responses in Nigeria https://doi.org/10.60787/NMJ-64-4-294
Main Article Content
Keywords
Yellow Fever, Outbreaks, Determinants, Public Health Response, , Nigeria
Abstract
Background: Yellow fever (YF) outbreaks continue to occur in Nigeria with a high mortality rate despite a well-established mode of transmission and the availability of a potent vaccine. This review is aimed at describing the epidemiology, determinants, and public health responses of yellow fever outbreaks in Nigeria from 1864 to 2020.
Methodology: The guidelines for the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) were used to conduct the review from November 2020 to April 2021. PubMed database, WHO library databases, and Google Scholar were used to search for relevant published materials including original and reviewed articles, conference papers and case reports from 1864 to 2020
Results: Forty – eight articles and reports were included in the final reviews. Twenty – three outbreaks were described involving 33,830 suspected, presumptive, or confirmed cases of yellow fever and 8,355 deaths. The outbreaks occurred in every state of Nigeria including the Federal Capital Territory mostly during the rainy season. Low immunity in the population or low vaccination coverage, poor vector control, rainforest or savanna vegetation, rural–urban migration, and imported virus by travelers were common determinants noted. Public health responses have been through, centrally coordinated laboratory support, case management, emergency immunization, vector control, and surveillance.
Conclusion: Yellow fever outbreaks have increased in frequency and geographical spread with associated mortality rates. To stem the tide, mass immunization with 17D vaccines is encouraged, planned urbanization with adequate vector control measures enforced, effective case definition, vector surveillance, and effective awareness campaigns should be emphasized.
References
2. Lucey D, Gostin LO. Yellow Fever Epidemic: A New Global Health Emergency? JAMA. 2016;315(24):2661 – 2662.
3. Mutebi JP, Barrett AD. The epidemiology of yellow fever in Africa. Microbes Infect 2002(14):1459-68.
4. Beeuwkes H, Bauer JH, Mahaffy AF. Yellow Fever Endemicity in West Africa, with Special Reference to Protection Test. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine 1930; s1-10(5):305-333.
5. Chippaux, JP., Chippaux, A. Yellow fever in Africa and the Americas: a historical and epidemiological perspective. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 24, 20 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40409-018-0162-y.
6. Vaughan M. A Research Enclave in 1940s Nigeria: The Rockefeller Foundation Yellow Fever Research Institute at Yaba, Lagos, 1943-49. Bull Hist Med. 2018;92(1):172-205.
7. “Yellow Fever”: the Complete Symposium” (1955). Yellow fever, a symposium in commemoration of Carlos Juan Finlay, 1955. Page 12. https://jdc.jefferson.edu/yellow_fever_symposium/12. Accessed 31st March 31, 2021.
8. Olumade TJ, Adesanya OA, Fred-Akintunwa IJ, Babalola DO, Oguzie JU, Ogunsanya OA, et al. Infectious Disease Outbreak Preparedness and Response in Nigeria: History, Limitations and Recommendations for Global Health Policy and Practice. AIMS public health 2020;7(4):736–757.
9. Nwachukwu WE, Yusuff H, Nwangwu U, Okon A, Ogunniyi A, Imuetinyan-Clement J, et al. The response to re-emergence of yellow fever in Nigeria, 2017. Int J Infect Dis. 2020; 92:189-196.
10. Abdulkadir B, Dazy DB, Abubakar MA, Farida AT, Samira IG, Aladelokun J et al. Current Trends of Yellow Fever in Nigeria: Prospects and Challenges. UMYU journal of Medical Research 2020;4(2):105-110.
11. Cattan D. Yellow fever--cause for concern? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1981;283(6289):499.
12. Norrby E. Yellow fever and Max Theiler: the only Nobel Prize for a virus vaccine. J Exp Med. 2007;204(12):2779-2784.
13. Nomhwange T, Baptiste A, Ezebilo O, Nomhwange E, Bathondeli B, Adejoh K. Resurgence of Yellow Fever Outbreaks in Nigeria, A Two Year Review 2017 – 2019. Research Square 2020. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-112727/v1. https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-112727/v1. Accessed April 2, 2021.
14. Yellow fever | WHO | Regional Office for Africa. https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/yellow fever.
15. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JPA, et al. The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration. 2009; 6(7):6(7):e1000100.doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100.
16. Adogo LY, Ogoh MO. Yellow Fever in Nigeria: A Review of the Current Situation. Afr. J. Clin.Exper. Microbiol.2020; 21(1): 1 – 13.
17. Yellow Fever: Global Status: 2020 Edition. Page 128. Available from : https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=yellow+fever%3A+global+Status%3A+2020+edition.
18. Public health weekly reports 1914, June 12; 29 (24):1485 – 1610. Available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1999929/pdf/pubhealthreporig03459-0001.pdf/?tool=EBI.
19. Aitken AB, Connal A, Gray GM, Smith EC. Yellow fever in Lagos during 1925. Clinial and pathological notes, Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1926;20(3):166–184
20. Rockefeller Annual Report of colonies, Nigeria 1925. Available from https://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/ilharvest/Africana/Books2011-05/3064634/3064634_1925/3064634_1925_opt.pdf.
21. Public Health Weekly Reports. 1935 Feb 8;50(6):163-201. Available from.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1996141/pdf/pubhealthreporig01924-0004.pdf.
22. Public Health Weekly Reports. (1937) 13;52(33):1105-1134. PMID: 19315621; PMC2024694. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2024694/pdf/pubhealthreporig01028-0001.pdf.
23. Public Health Rep. 1937 Dec 17;52(51):1851-1874. Available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2024733/pdf/pubhealthreporig01046-0001.pdf.
24. Monath T.P. Yellow Fever in Nigeria: Summary of the past, present and possible future status. Skr. Ent. med, et Parasifol 1972;10(2): 169 – 175.
25. Carey DE, Kemp GE, Troup JM, White HA, Smith EA, Addy RF, et al. Epidemiological aspects of the 1969 yellow fever epidemic in Nigeria. Bull World Health Organ. 1972;46(5):645-51.
26. Monath TP, Wilson DC, Lee VH, Stroh G, Kuteyi K, Smith EA. The 1970 yellow fever epidemic in Okwoga District, Benue Plateau State, Nigeria. I. Epidemiological observations. Bull World Health Organ. 1973;49(2):113-21.
27. Fagbami A.H, Attah B, Fabiyi A, O’Connor E.H. Yellow Fever Outbreaks in South – Eastern Nigeria – Virological and Serological Studies. Nigerian Medical Journal 1976; 6(1):38 – 41.
28. World Health Organization. (1980). Yellow fever in 1979. WeeklyEpidemiological Record= Relevé épidémiologique hebdomadaire, 55(45), 345-351. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/223276/WER5545_345-351.PDF.
29. De Cock KM, Monath TP, Nasidi A, Tukei PM, Enriquez J, Lichfield P, et al. Epidemic yellow fever in eastern Nigeria. Lancet 1986. Lancet. 1988;1(8586):630-3
30. World Health Organization. (1992). Yellow fever in 1989 and 1990. WeeklyEpidemiological Record= Relevé épidémiologique hebdomadaire, 67(33), 245-251.https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/228453/WER6733_245-251.PDF. Accessed 12th April 12, 2021.
31. Nasidi A, Monath TP, DeCock K, Tomori O, Cordellier R, Olaleye OD, et al. Urban yellow fever epidemic in western Nigeria, 1987. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg.1989 ;83(3):401-6.
32. Vainio J, Cutts F, World Health Organization. Yellow fever. World Health Organization; 1998. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/64455/WHO_EPI_GEN_98.11.pdf.
33. Ekenna O, Chikwem JO, Mohammed I, Durojaiye SO. Epidemic yellow fever in Borno State of Nigeria: characterisation of hospitalised patients. West Afr J Med. 2010;29(2):91-7.
34. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Aedesalbopictus introduction into continental Africa, 1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1991;40(48):836-8.
35. World Health Organization. Yellow fever in 1991. WeeklyEpidemiological Record= Relevé épidémiologique hebdomadaire. 1993;68(29):209-15. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/228775/WER6829_209-215.PDF
36. World Health Organization. Yellow fever in 1992 and 1993. WeeklyEpidemiological Record Relevé épidémiologique hebdomadaire. 1995;70(10):65-70. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/229332/WER7010_65-70.PDF.
37. World Health Organization. Yellow fever in 1994 and 1995. WeeklyEpidemiological Record Relevé épidémiologique hebdomadaire. 1996;71(42):313-8. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/229925/WER7142_313-318.PDF.
38. World Health Organisation: Yellow Fever- Nigeria. Available from https://www.who.int/csr/don/22-december-2017-yellow-fever-nigeria/en/
39. World Health Organisation Yellow fever – Nigeria. Available from https://www.who.int/csr/don/09-january-2019-yellow-fever-nigeria/en/
40. World Health Organisation. Yellow fever – Nigeria. Available from https://www.who.int/csr/don/17-december-2019-yellow-fever-nigeria/en/.
41. Nigeria: Yellow Fever Final Report – DREF n° MDRNG027. https://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/nigeria-yellow-fever-final-report-dref-n-mdrng027.
42. World Health Organisation. Responding to yellow fever outbreak in Nigeria amidst a global pandemic. Available from https://www.afro.who.int/news/responding-yellow-fever-outbreak -nigeria-amidst-global-pandemic.
43. Karunamoorthi K. Yellow fever encephalitis: an emerging and resurging global public health threat in a changing environment. Croatia: licensee InTech. 2013 Jan 9:207-30. https://doi.org/10.5772/46041.
44. Tomori O. Yellow fever in Africa: public health impact and prospects for control in the 21st century.
Biomedica. 2002;22(2):194-210.
45. Hamlet A., Jean K., Perea W, Yactayo, S, Biey, J., Van Kerkhove M., Ferguson, N., Garske T. The seasonal influence of climate and environment on yellow fever transmission across Africa. PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2018;12(3):1-17. e0006284.
46. Adepoju P. The yellow fever vaccination certificate loophole in Nigeria. Lancet (London, England). 2019;394(10194):203-204.
47. Adrien N, Hyde TB, Gacic-Dobo M, Hombach J, Krishnaswamy A, Lambach P. Differences between coverage of yellow fever vaccine and the first dose of measles-containing vaccine: A desk review of global data sources. Vaccine. 2019;37(32):4511-4517.