Medical Biomonitoring of Maternal and Fetal Exposure to Carbon Monoxide and its Modification by Demographic and Obstetric Characteristics

Main Article Content

Abbey Mkpe
Amadi Simeon
Oloyede Olufemi
Iwo-Amah Rose Sitonma
Kua Paul Ledee
Okagua Eghuan Kenneth
Altraide Basil Omieibi
Horsfall Faithwin
Nonye-Enyidah Esther Ijeoma
Kwosah Ngozi Joseph
Mba Alpheaus Gogo
Ocheche Uduak Solomon
Sapira-Ordu Leesi
Dickson H John
Inimgba Nestor Mininyo

Keywords

Medical Biomonitoring, Maternal and Fetal Exposure, Carbon Monoxide, Modification, Characteristics

Abstract

Background: There is a paucity of organized human biomonitoring, including that of carbon monoxide (CO) in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The study aims to quantify the impact of maternal exposure to CO in the first trimester of pregnancy and its modification by maternal demographic and obstetric factors.


Methodology: It was of cross-sectional design conducted at the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital (RSUTH) in Nigeria. Four hundred and ninety consecutive pregnant women in the first trimester were recruited from the antenatal clinic from January 2021 to January 2022. Demographic, social, and obstetric characteristics were recorded. Maternal exhaled CO concentration (ECOC) and maternal and fetal carboxyhaemoglobin concentrations (MCOHC and FCOHC) were measured with the aid of a smokelyzer. Data were analyzed, using SPSS version 25.0 software. Ethical approval was obtained from the RSUTH Ethics Committee.


Results: The mean values of ECOC, MCOHC, and FCOHC were 3.25±2.51 ppm, 1.15±0.40%, and 0.93±0.72% respectively and the severity (mild, moderate, and severe) of the impact was inversely proportional to the number of women affected. There were statistically significant differences in the mean values of ECOC, MCOHC, and FCOHC in the following maternal characteristics: age, educational levels, BMI, gravidity, and parity. In the case of FCOHC, the measures of the differences were as follows: p:<0.019, <0.020, <0.0001, <0.0001, and <0.038 for age categories, educational levels, BMI, gravidity, and parity respectively. There were statistically significant positive correlations between the BMI and the mean values of ECOC, MCOHC, and FCOHC.


Conclusion: The higher the severity of exposure to CO (mild, moderate, and severe), the lower the number of impacted pregnant women. There were statistically significant differences in the mean values of ECOC, MCOHC, and FCOHC in women of different ages, educational levels, BMI, gravidity, and parity categories.

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