Floods in Sub-Saharan Africa; Causes, Determinants and Health Consequences https://doi.org/10.60787/NMJ-64-1-150
Main Article Content
Keywords
Floods, climate change, heavy precipitations, health consequences, SSA
Abstract
Climate change has become a global issue and affects various regions at different levels. The hydro-climatic conditions and the natural fragility of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) make it prone to floods. The review was intended to comprehensively explore the determinants of floods in the continent and their effects on public health. An extensive systematic literature search in English was conducted for peer-reviewed papers, abstracts and internet articles, grey literature, and official Government documents and analysed to identify common themes, findings, and outcomes. Finally, the findings were categorized into common themes.
The review revealed that the frequency and intensity of precipitations have increased in recent decades in SSA. This is worsened by anthropogenic activities including urban sprawl, population growth, and land use changes. The health effects of floods are diverse, varied, and specific to a particular context which can be immediate and long-term. The economic losses due to the flood events in the continent are huge.
In conclusion, Governments across the continent need to give flood management a top priority as part of national disaster preparedness, response, and mitigation. Floods cannot be managed in isolation; it has to be incorporated into national urban planning with urbanization to make cities resilient and sustainable.
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35.Hinkal JB. Sea level rise impacts on Africa and the effects of mitigation and adaptation:an application of DIVA. Regional environmental change. 2012:207-224.
36.Adelekan IO. Flood risk Management in the coastal city of Lagos, Nigeria. J. Flood Risk Management2016; 9:255-264.
37.Lucas B. Urban Flood Management in Nigeria. K4D Helpdesk Report 948. Brighton, UK: Instt of Development studies: DO1:10.19088/K4D.2021.081.
38.Adelekan IO, Asiyanbi AP. Flood risk perception in flooded affected communities in Lagos, Nigeria. Natural Hazards2016: 80:445-469.
39.Sojobi AO, Balogun I.I., Salami AW. Climate Change in Lagos state, Nigeria. Whatreally changed? Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2016: 188:356.
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41. Aliyu AA. Management of Disasters and Complex Emergencies in Africa: The challenges and constraints-A review. Ann Afr Med 2015: 14:123-31
42.Agbola SB, AjayiO, Taiwo JO.Wahab WB. The August 2011 floods in Ibadan, Nigeria: Anthropogenic causes and consequences. Intern J. Disaster Risk Science2012: 3:207-217.
43. Pate MA, Seck AMC, Lo S, Horton R. A new Lancet Commission on the future ofhealth and economic resiliency in Africa. Lancet. 2022;400:641-643.
44.United Nations. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 revision: New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs/Population Division.
45.Twum KO, Abubakari M. Cities and Floods; A pragmatic insight into the determinants of household coping strategies to floods in informal Accra, Ghana. Jámbá J Disaster Risk Stud2019: 1: e608.
46.Mensah H, Ahadzie DK. Causes, impacts and coping strategies of floods in Ghana: a systematic review. SN Applied Sciences2020; 2:792.
47.Baker JL. Climate change, disaster risk and the urban poor: Cities building resilience for a changing world. Washington DC. 2012: world Bank publications.
48.Korah P, Cobbinah P. Juggling through Ghanaian Urbanization: Flood hazard mapping of Kumasi Geojournal 2017; 82:1195-1212.
49.Owusu A. An Assessment of Urban Vegetation. Abundance in Accra Metropolitan Area, Ghana: A Geospatial Approach. Journal of Environmental Geogr2018; 11:37-44.
50.Ighile E, Shirakawa H. A study on the effects of land orchange on Flooding Risks in Nigeria.GeographiaTechnica2020; 15:19-101.
51.Ali, P, Shuaibu T, Hundu TW, Nyayo A, Udeo V. Land use/cover change and its implications for flood events in Benue state Nigeria. J Research in Forestry, Wildlife and Environment2021; 13:171-181.
52.Aliyu, A A, Amadu L. Urbanization, Cities and Health: The challenges to Nigeria. A review. Ann Afr Med2017;16:149-58.
53.Aseidu J. Reviewing the Argument on Floods in UrbanAreas. Theoretical and Empirical Research in UrbanManagement2020: 15:24-41.
54.Salami R, Von Meding J, Giggins H. Vulnerability of Huinan settlements to Flood Risk in the core area of Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria Jámbá journ Disaster Risk Studies. 2017; 9:1-14.
55.Nkwunonwo UC, Whitworth M, Baily BA review and critical analysis of the efforts towards urban flood risk management in the Lagos region of Nigeria. Natural Hazards and Earth system Science 2016:16:349-379.
56.Mohammed M, Hassan N, Badamasi M. In Search of Missing Links: Urbanization and Climate change in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria. InternJournal of Urban Sustainable Development2019:11: 309-318.
57.ChiwesheM. Urban Land Governance and Corruption in Sub-Saharan Africa. “In Land Issues for Urban Governance in Sub-Sahara Africa, edited by Home R. 2021:225-236. Cham: Springer.
58.World Health Organization (WHO). Floodsand Health: fact sheets for health Professional Regional Office for Europe Copen Hagen, 2014. Available at: https://www.euro.who.int(Accessed 17/5/022)
59.Bich TH, Quang LN, Ha TT, Hanh TTD, Guha-Sapir D. Impacts flood on health: epidemiologic evidence from Hanoi, Vietnam. Global Health Action. 2011; 4:6356.
60.Epstein PR.Climate change and Emerginginfectious diseases.Microbesand infection 2001;3:747-754.
61.Brown L, Murray V. Examining the relationship between infectious diseases and flooding in Europe: a systematic literature review and summary of possible public health interventions. Disaster Health 2013;1:117-127.
62.Patz JA, Olson SH, Uejio CK, Gibbs HK. Disease emergence in global climate and land use change. Medical clinics North America2008;92:1473-1491.
63.Minamiguchi N. Health risks and Hazards caused by Floods.Availableat:https://www.ssc.dk/smitherberedskab/infaktionshygiejne/(Assessed 14/6/022)
64.Relman DA, Hamburg MA, Choffnes ER, Mack A. Globalclimate change and extreme weather events. Understanding the contributions to infections disease emergence.Inproceedings of workshop summary: Forum on Global Health. Washington D C, 2008.
65.Himeidan YE, Kweka EJ, Mahgoub MM, El Rayah E, Ouma JO. Recent outbreaks of Rift valley fever in East Africa and the Middle East. Front Public Health2014;2:169.doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00169.
66.Kondo H, Seo N, Yasuda T, Hasizume M, Koido Y, et al, post-flood infectious diseases in Mozambique. PreHosp Disaster Med 2002; 17:126-133.
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Jul 2, 2023
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Aliyu, A., Liman-Hamza, K., & Lawal, A. (2023). Floods in Sub-Saharan Africa; Causes, Determinants and Health Consequences: https://doi.org/10.60787/NMJ-64-1-150. Nigerian Medical Journal, 64(1), 13–24. Retrieved from https://nigerianmedjournal.org/index.php/nmj/article/view/150 (Original work published May 5, 2023)
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